1865 Textbook Notes

Chapter 15
slavery - "one person's receiving by irresistable power the work of another man, and not by his consent"
freedom - "placing us where we could reap the fruit of our own labor, and take care of ourselves"
Sherman's order - "40 acres and a mule"

Blacks and freedom
blacks' definition of freedom - being able to do things like a white man
expanded and strengthen black organizations
acquired things that were outlawed to them in the past - traveling, dogs, guns, liquor

Families
widows' of black soldiers successfully claimed pensions - forcing gov to acknowledge validity of prewar relationships that slavery denied.
emancipation increased power of black men and altered relationships - intro idea wo(men) should inhabit separate spheres.
black women preferred to spend time @ home, something slavery didnt allow. men saw it a badge to see their wives remain @ home.
eventually the dire poverty of black community beckon higher proportion of black women than white to work for wages

Church/school
blacks abandoned white controlled institutions to create their own.
church became the center of community - religion/school/social events/political gatherings
ministers major role in politics
eager for education

Failure of land reform
blacks wanted land, not jobs on plantations
President Johnson - who succeeded Lincoln -ordered federal land to be return to former owners - evicted blacks who settled

*bc of conflicts on plantation new systems arose "task systems" - daily tasks, completion = day over

White Farmer
prior war, grew food and little cotton
after war: property destroyed, crop failure
had to start growing cotton,
crop lien - "in order to obtain material to grow cotton must pledge part of crop as collateral"

*new urban middle class of merchants, RR promoters, bankers reaped benefits of cotton production spread
*new social order - landowning employers, black/white sharecroppers, cotton producing white farmers, wage earning black laborers, urban entrepreneurs

Andrew Jackson
ambitious, proud, pro-union, military governor
only senator from a seceding state to remain during civil war
nominated him for VP as hope of extending republican power into south
intolerant of criticism/cold.
believed the south never really seceded from union since it's treason therefore never surrendered the right to govern their own affairs
(defender of south)
deeply racist

Failure of Presidential Reconstruction
offered pardon(restore political/property rights except slaves) to almost all white southerns who took allegiance oath
excluded confederate leaders and wealthy planters whose prewar value exceeded 20K
they later for individual pardons
appointed governors - elected by only whites - to establish loyal governments in south
south gov must abolish slavery, repudiate secession, refuse to pay confederate debt
granted the new governments a free hand in managing local affairs
*prominent confederates and old leaders returned and violence broke out against northern visitors/slaves

Black Codes
passed by new south gov that regulated lives of former slaves
granted legalized marriage, ownership of property, limit access to court
deny right to testify against whites, vote, serve on jury/state militias
those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts would be arrested and hired out to white landowners
union army quickly demobilized
*what motivated the north for action was not to punish white south but to force them to face reality that emancipation is real and here to stay

Radical Republicans
wanted south gov to be replaced with new one w/o rebels and blacks granted right to vote
embraced expanded power of federal gov
steven's aim was to confiscate land of disloyal planters and divide among former slaves/north migrants -> south

Origins of Civil Rights
republican feared north and south would not accept black suffrage
first bill extended the life of freedmen bureau
second bill defined all ppl born in the US were citizens
Johnson veto'd both bills
became first major law to pass over presidential veto

14th AD
gave citizenship to everyone born in US
broadness gave congress and courts leeway to adopt/twist meaning
compromised - didnt give blacks right to vote but said if state denied the vote to any group of men then that state's rep # would be reduced
gave south choice - let blacks vote and keep their state's full rep in house or sacrifice part of their political power
by writing that equality regardless of race into constitution was most significant amendment since bill of rights

Reconstruction Act
"swing around the circle" - johnson made trip around north to urge voters to elect members of congress that are on his side(his version of reconstruction)
violence and riots broke out killing blacks
every south state, but tennesse, did not ratify
temp divided south into 5 military districts that called for new state gov + black men vote

Impeachment and election of grant
Tenure of Office Act - bar president from removing certain officeholders/cabinet w/o consent of senate
Johnson lashed out by removing secretary of war. Got put on trail for impeachment
did not reach 2/3 vote to remove him
Grant won following campaign

15th AD
still only 8 north states allowed blacks to vote
American Anti-Slavery Society disband after 15 AD, believing its work was done

LASIK: 2 Weeks Post-Op

It's been 15 days since the operation. Things are getting a bit clearer, there are still times when my eyes are super sensitive and I have to wear sunglasses and I get all these looks. I don't mind but it's less of confusion but more of rude looks since I probably give off a snobbish aura with sunglasses? A lot of people don't seem to recognize me without my glasses and the fact that I can't wear make up and I cut my hair really short, like a bob.

My eyes get super dry. I've already used 3 10ML of Systane Ultra eyedrops - $13 a bottle. I have to use that kind because I can't use eyedrops with preservatives. I don't have any blood clots or bruising unlike other people. All I have is a red vein in each eye, one more noticeable than the other one but otherwise my eyes are great. It's hard to focus in class with my eyes because they get really strained and tired when I have to focus or keep my eyes open for a long time. I've noticed that my eyes are starting to become a bit hazy since I've had to attend class. Not sure if it's just stabilizing?

My eyes get pretty crusty as well. I have a lot of eye discharge but it's never inside my eyes but rather on my eyelashes. Weird? It's a clear sticky substance that sticks to my eyelashes.

When I drive and people have their lights on, it's difficult to drive because of the halos but I manage.

Can't wait to be able to wear make up again!

History 1865 Notes

Jan 20

Gilded Age
time of corruption/greed
new age of a diff "slavery"
enjoyed new consumerism + tech

Jay Gould
brought the first RR @ 24
made most of his money from Union Pacific RR -> sold gov subsidies to private investors
tax payers had to pay twice for the gov sub land(tax - gov - gould - private - tax)
paid a substitute during civil war (got rich when he was suppose to be @ war)
almost had a monopoly on gold -> lead to market crash "Black Friday"
treated employees horribly
RR made $$$ in short 50 years

"trusts" - organizations come together agree + all set same price

John D. Rockefeller - oil for lube which replaced whale oil.
Horizontal integration: bought up competition(refinery)
Vertical integration: bought up all the other oil middleman jobs (geologists/ect)
became the standard oil
controlled +90% oil supply of US

Andrew Carnegie  - steel, owned most steel organizations if not got the others to join a trust

Gustavus Swift - meat packaging, all over nation

legal shield laws(1880s) - can sue company but not owner/person. business seen as legal person

Republic / Democratic
AA / southern whites
corporate leaders / workers
economic developments / urban immigrant
civil rights / small,local gov

80% eligible voters votes

Jan 25

Post civil war

• 5% of southern whites owned slaves
• south took it as a state right to secede from the country (afraid lincoln would take away their slave land)
• north took it as the need to preserve the union; once a state entered it is forever - no divorce
• civil war was first modern war - cannons - medicine - RR

most cause of deaths were bc of infections and poor treatment

Reconstruction 1865 - 77
*Rebuilding of southern eco
rebuilt highways, schools, RR, + intro factories, new cities
*Integration of rebel states
pardoned treason if took loyal oath
once 1877 came, were allowed to participate in nation affairs
*Integration of black freedmen
4 mil
educate/give em a way to protect themselves(vote)

13th (1865) - freed slaves everywhere 
14th (1868) - grant full equal citizenship regardless of race, previous servitude
15th (1870) - black suffrage (local/national)
*gave them rights to vote so republic gained votes

Freedmen's Bureau: protected blacks from violence/fraud
reunited families prior to war
built schools(kids/adults) & educated
by 1900s blacks read as well as whites

*first state to send black rep - Mississippi - bc blacks outnumbered whites

Failures of Reconstruction
5% still owned land
Sharecrop - tentant lives there, plant cotton, sell but must give landlord % of profit
in order to get materials tenant must get loan from landlord and if cannot pay back must take out another loan and so forth. endless cycle. "Neo Slavery"

Private island, surgery, hair cut.

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