19.

Yesterday was the big day. Slipped into a dress, powdered here and there for a bit and called it good. Classes went by smoothly until trig. Towards the end of class, I did something foolish. I asked the professor how she got from step 2 to 3. I understood the other steps but I was puzzled by the transaction from step 2 to step 3. What does she do? She becomes frustrated. Raises her voice and bulges her eyes. Stating that I had not paid attention at all, that I needed to go back to the previous sections, that she's spent too much time - excuse me(?). She publicly humiliated me and continued to bark questions at me, as if I were stupid. Yeah, it's my fault for being so sensitive. I should've been able to correctly answer the math questions she barked out one by one while holding back my tears. Fighting back the desire to grab my things and run out of the classroom. I didn't get the feeling of wanting to crawl into a hole and die. I had the urge to just bawl my eyes out. I had no words to express my sadness, just tears. Tears, tears, and more tears. Perhaps its due to my frustration of lack of understanding, or her attitude directed towards me. Just like everyone else, I respond better to a gentle touch than a rough one.

Later on in the day, went shopping with the boo then dinner at Drunken Fish. Happy ending to the night.

Had an odd dream. I had a discussion with Keo about the neutral setting on cars yesterday and in my dream, I had ran out of gas therefore switching from drive to neutral from what Keo told me. Surprised I remember something from reality in a fantasy world. Anywhos, moving onto a different scene. I was hanging and switching from tree branches and vines? Hailey came riding by on her bike and later on with her brother. Of course I hid amongst the branches because I didn't want to be seen or noticed. I took joy in peering through the leaves. Awkward, I sound like a stalker but hey they were in my territory! Or at least I think it was? Then somehow I ended up in the backseat with him. Him, in the middle seat and I by the window. He was on my left, wearing a light jacket. I wanted to get out of there. I didn't want any trouble or tension. He seemed friendly though? As if encouraging interactions. I was weary, confused as to what was going on. I started to become giddy, excited on the inside. I still rejected though, afraid that it's all a big facade. But then he disappeared and in front of me was Keo. He was upset and felt betrayed and wouldn't forgive me even though I hadn't done anything? I didn't accept his gentleness, nor did I act upon anything. I apologized and tried to make it up but he wouldn't have it. Most likely jealous because he sensed that inside I was somewhat excited/happy? Weird. Just recently I had thought to myself, gee I can't seem to remember any of my dreams lately nor have I had any dreams regarding him and then poof! This pops up.

"Be talented and quick in order to achieve success or have a pretty face and housewife skills to marry a substantial provider"

My addiction.

Everyone starts out just wanting to try it for kicks. Everyone else around me was doing it so why not try? It wouldn't hurt, I won't get addicted. It's all fun in games, I could quit whenever I wanted to - that's when I went astrayed. The beginning was just like any other addiction, slowly getting familiar to the taste but not too interested yet. Day by day, the more time I spent with you the better I got to know your composition - your nicotine. I fell deep into a shroud of your essence, inhaling everything of you and all of you. I became entwined in this affair, unable to escape. When I couldn't reach the same high I once achieved, I took it up a notch. Increased my dosage, and mixed in toxic substances - arguments, insecurity, and jealousy. I became someone else.
I wanted to be happy but it seemed as though I was addicted to things that hurt me. Maybe I was drawn to the instability, the angry debates and the yearning in between before finally making up. I was fucked up.
 I was in the midst of love, a passionate love - then all of a sudden it's cut off and it feels like I was falling from the sky. I became delirious. My source of oxygen was cut and I was grasping for air, a life line. My line of drug has been cut, but the addiction was still there. As time went by, I went into a relapse.
It took me a long time but I became better. I don't seek for the feeling the drug gave by seeking other drugs. Instead I remained abstinent. Learning about life and its' other wonders and that's when I fell in love with life and myself. That is when I learned. There are times when I look back upon the past. I see your face, hear our laughs and promises as tears roll down my face. Why did I tear up, why am I drawn to this piece from the past? I don't know. Perhaps because it contains all the hope I had and now it's gone.
My addiction is gone. There are times when I would be tempted but of course I resist. The dealer doesn't want to deal with me and the drug's effect would not be the same as it was before. You were my addiction, and I was the addict.
That's okay with me.

Slow day.

Slow day at work. Missing tools AGAIN for the sixth time.

So Much Pretty

Linh Lam

Sam Bell

Honors COMP I

17 October 2014

Neglecting Crimes Committed upon Women

Crimes upon women often go unreported year after year. It goes unreported because the victim is scoffed at by society or is belittled for allowing assaults to happen to them.  One of the many themes in Cara Hoffman’s So Much Pretty is abduction, rape, and sexual assaults which is overlooked and avoided to evade tension. In reality the crimes upon women are still happening but reports and news are squandered because nobody wants to confront the violence that is happening around them.

            Assaults upon women are not seen as assaults rather the behavior is merely an act of fascination and dedication of a man towards a woman or as the saying goes: boys will be boys. The male’s behavior is justified in the logic that his testosterone levels are in overdrive and it is an act of admiration which would the girl should be flattered. The act of bridal kidnapping or marriage by abduction is a custom where the groom-to-be and the groomsmen kidnap the bride-to-be either in the middle of the night or in broad day light where she is isolated. At times, the girl is subjected to rape so that she becomes damaged goods and will not return to her family (Christian Today). Often the victim is forced to marry their rapist to save her family’s face in the Hmong community and settle thing with a false happy ending. Dino and the police force did not want to pester and poke around to investigate because they believed it would “[terrorize] the town” even more (Hoffman 211). In both scenarios, the adults do not want to cause a bigger scene, rather they want to cover up the issue and hide the fact that a crime has been committed to ease tension. Beverly Haytes did not want to assume that her boys had anything to do with Wendy. Beverly belittled Wendy’s status with remarks that White’s appearance is “bland” and that she came from “those soft famlilies [who did not have] many expectations (Hoffman 141). In the Star Tribune, the 12 year old girl who had gotten gang raped came home limping and her relative noticed, instead of being concerned and being involved the relative labeled the girl as “a little slut” (3). Society has a warped mind, pinning the fault and guilt upon the victim while setting the violators free. Hmong girls who experience rape or molestation regularly keep mum about their defilement. The ones who do go to a trusted adult often get shun with replies such as “that's just what girls go through” since it happened to the adult(s) back then as well (Star 4). Women are objectified as sexual objects without rights or intellect and it is men who “make the decision based on laws men made” (Hoffman 225). Throughout history and to this day, women are still oppressed and submissive to men. Little girls cannot voice their violations, because the women who they look to are chained by men as well.

            There are cowardly men who feed off of power over individuals, specifically women. The community does not reach out to the victims; instead they either ignore or play down the assault which forces the ladies to live in darkness. Year after year, girls get harassed but do not report it because of fear that the community would judge them and because they were distraught by men. The authority consist of men and the few women who are on the in the same force are actually under oppression by the men in power.   

Sources

LOUWAGIE, PAM, and DAN BROWNING. "Shamed into Silence."StarTribune.com: News, Weather, Sports from Minneapolis, St. Paul and Minnesota. Star Tribune, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.

LODGE, CAREY. "Bride Kidnapping: A Horrific Reality for Thousands of Girls."Christian Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.

Hoffman, Cara. So Much Pretty: A Novel. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print.

One day off.

On my one day off, I received an early phone call regarding an interview. Got up, got all primped up and ready. Came in did the interview, came back later in the day to take a drug test and fill out some paper work as well. Returned the kid's late book and their late fees as well. Did a little shopping, came back in time to pick the kids up. Took Andi to her Mathematics Regional Competition and Alex to Kenpo practice. Finished up my interview and picked the kids up. Allowed them to play around on the play ground then got their face painted later on that night when we went to go visit the boyfriend. Went for a second round of Chipotle later on that night with Mama and Ami. Didn't have much time in the day to do any laundry or tidy up. Sigh.

Today was an alright day. Met up with counselor, such a sweet woman. Discussed what actions I should take with trig. Still unsure what to do. Met with a financial aid as well and she only told me information but no help on what actions I should take. 

Got a notification that he was at school which threw me off. He doesn't go there, I didn't see him any other times so why would he be there? My heart kept racing and my knees were weak. Why I was I being like this? Why was I afraid to see him? I belonged here, I go to school here. I am my own self. It took me a while to reason and calm myself down. Then it was whatevs. By chance when I went back to student center at the end of the day to talk to the FA person we crossed paths. It seemed like he stumbled a bit at first and hid behind the other person..? I'm not sure why he would do that. I saved the trouble and tension for both of us and took another path to avoid eye contact. I've noticed, that when I go soft and forgiving - I am insecure and sensitive. It's only when I replace my fear, my insecurity with anger that I become confident. Weird huh? 

Struggling on.

More and more pressure. This really fucken blows. I have no social life, I hardly even have time to spend one evening for a date with my boyfriend so what the hell. Trying my hardest to not fall behind in classes and struggle to understand and engage in trig all the while going to work and family matters amongst other things. You want me to work more? Fine, I will but guess what it's getting cold and the amount of traffic is dying down. I'll work outside of nails and work as a serve and not spend any time at home. I won't take the kids to Kenpo anymore or to their school activities, not have time to clean and be at home. I'll always be out working and focusing on my classes. God, I am never good enough for you people. I'm imperfect, I'm too "nice" and "obedient". That's suppose to be a good trait! But apparently it's not because it leads me to get stepped on by everyone and considered slow and dumb. Fucken great.

Financial stress.

Went to the doctors today and they were hesitant to prescribe anything so I'm need to take ibuprofen for the chest pains and I got prescribed some gel material to place upon my tongue but I can't get it because of stupid insurance glitch. Fucken great.
Need to repay Ami back by December for 2K so she can go back to VN, but Lucas is coming over in May so I don't understand why she's going back? Really pissing me off because they're spending money they don't have. I'm practically paying for her air fare since she doesn't have enough for airfare ticket. Work pace at FT is slow especially since it's getting cold, I need to worry about having enough for my car payments and insurance payments and I do have enough at the moment to last until May which is when business picks up and I make more money but paying Ami back now would set me in a cramp because I'll only be able to make two more car payments and have to find out other ways to get the money. Everyone says I don't work enough which is making me go WTF? I go to school 3 days a week - 8 hours each day, work 3 days a week from 9AM-8PM each day, and I have one day off which is Tuesday. What the heck. But whatever, I guess I need to find a second job if possible. This shit is stressing me out so bad along with Trig. Wanna rebel and become an escort, fucken A.

Strange symptoms.

Got an ulcer in the front right side of my tongue. It's been painful drinking and eating, painful enough that I tear up whenever I have to speak or move my tongue. During work, I started getting bad headaches - something I normally don't experience, achy teeth as if my whole set of teeth were loose, and pain in my chest directly over my heart. 

Decided to spice up my hair a bit, was going for an ombre baliage, turned out to be something different. Instead the bottom of my locks were just copper brown undated and super damaged. Awesome. Gonna allow my hair to rest a but before covering up this mess. 

Squandered dreams.

I don't understand why my mom forbids me to become a physician/doctor. She thinks I won't succeed because I won't be able to handle the workload as well as the years needed to invest as well as tuition. First off, science - especially biology/genetics - is my best subject, I can handle math I just need to concentrate harder than I would in other subjects. Biology is my favorite subject and I excel in it. It's financially stable and pays well. Nursing has similar factors as a physician I don't want to become a nurse. The teaching model would be based on a nursing model instead of a medicine model like with a physician's. Sure, the path to become a physician is longer and more strenuous but that's what I'm passionate about. Nursing is great but I don't think I'll enjoy doing that for life. I take interest in dynamic settings such as: analyzing bacterial growth and learning about diseases, mutations, and DNA/RNA. I don't want to do paperwork or gathering patient's blood pressure and what not. She's not going to pay for my tuition either so I don't understand why she's worried about it either. I'm committed, I want to be in the healthcare field but I do not want to have monotonous days at work filling prescriptions or just gathering information about the patients' and handing it over to the doctor. Yes, pre-med/pharmacy school and residency will take a large chunk of my time and devotion but I believe I can make it. I will help out and manage the family business but I want to have a career and invest in it as well.
Speaking of which, the new Chinese restaurant tried to recruit me today but I already had a job sooo..yeah.

Fo hoe.

You can go suck a big, fat, wrinkly, smelly one - ya little bitch ass. I'll try not to ram too hard. ;)

Ya mutha fuckin cunt. 

Photoblog duos.

Slept in.

I think today was the latest I've ever woken up on my day off. Really surprised myself. Took a shower, did my make up, went shopping, and studied from chapters 7-10 for Molecular Bio/Cell. Day went by fast.

Mini Review

Ch 7.

o Cell membranes structures are in a fluid mosaic model. Their function is to act as a barrier that separates itself from the surrounding environment - allowing certain molecules in and out.

o Fluid mosaic model: Membrane is fluid structure w/ various proteins embedded or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.

o Diffusion = Net movement of high concentration into low concentration.

   Selective permeability = Only certain substances are allowed to pass through the membrane.

   Passive transport = Requires no energy, diffusion of substance across membrane. 

   Active transport = Requires energy, diffusion of substance across membrane. 

   Osmosis = diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.

   Bulk Transport = 

   Turgid = Best state for plant cells. Plant version of hypotonic.

   Facilitated diffusion = polar molecules and ions impeded by lipid bilayer diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins. (passive transport)

   Isotonic = No net movement. Best for animal cells. 

   Hypertonic = Water rushes out - shrivel.

   Hypotonic = Water rushes in - burst.

o Carrier proteins = change its shape to fit the molecules that are being transported.

   Channel proteins = channels for specific molecules to pass through the membrane.

o Active transport requires energy while passive does not. 

o An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane.

o Cotransport is a single ATP powered pump that transport a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes.

o Exocytosis = cell transport OUT via vesicles. 

   Endocytosis = cell transport IN via vesicles.

- Phagocytosis = "cell eating" 

- Pinocytosis = "cell drinking" 

-Receptor mediated endocytosis(RME) = Substances bind to receptors which then forms a vesicle and pulls it in. 

Ch 8.

Metabolism: totatility of an organism's chemical reaction. An emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules.

Anabolic = Building of complicated molecules from simple ones.

Catabolic = Break down of complex into simpler.

Exergonic =

Endergonic = 

Metabolic pathways: Series of chemical reactions occuring within' cell.

Entropy: Measurement of disorder or randomness.

Thermodynamics

1st Law: No energy can be created or destroyed.

2nd Law: Through each transfer inc. the entropy of the universe. 

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Modes of Nutrition
• Autotroph- self feeder
– The Producers!
– Almost all plants are photoautotrophs
• Light self feeders
• Heterotroph- other feeder
– Consumers
– Most heterotrophs are dependent on photoautotrophs as a
food (and oxygen) source

10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
• Photosynthesis occurs in all green parts of plants but the leaf is the structure optimized for photosynthesis
• Plant Anatomy Vocabulary
– Mesophyll
• “middle leaf”
• The tissue in the interior of the leaf
– Stomata
• “mouth”
• Pores for the exchange of gasses (CO2 in, 02 out) , found mainly on the bottom of the
leaf
– Stroma
• The inner fluid of the chloroplast
– Thylakoid
• Membrane sacs in the stroma
• May be stacked and then called grana
• Inside these sacs is called the thylakoid space
– Chlorophyll
• Green pigment located in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

General=CO2 + 2H2X --> [CH2O]+ 2 X

• Van Niel thought that plants split water to get the needed hydrogen atoms (and electrons!)

• Later this hypothesis was confirmed by using isotopes

• Plants form oxygen gas as a waste product like the sulfur bacteria form sulfur globules

Let’s review aerobic cellular respiration

• Sugar is oxidized when the hydrogen electrons are carried (slowly, gently) to oxygen and water is formed.

• The electrons lose potential energy as they go downhill to the more electronegative oxygen.

• This “lost” energy is harvested in the mitochondria to produce ATP. 

Photosynthesis reverses the direction electron flow.

• Water is split. Its hydrogen (a proton and an electron) is moved to carbon dioxide which is reduced to sugar.

• The electrons are being moved to oxygen (which is more electronegative) as it becomes sugar so they increase in potential energy. 

• This requires energy input. 

Part 1: The Light Reactions

• Covert solar energy to chemical energy

• Split water

2H2O -> 4 H+ + 4 e- + O2

– So now we need an electron acceptor, NADP+

– NADP+ Is just like NAD+ but with a phosphate 

group

• Solar energy reduces NADP+ to NADPH

• Makes ATP via photophosphorylation(photo energy)

Part 2: The Calvin Cycle 

The Dark Reactions (does not require light)

• Carbon is fixed – Carbon from CO2 is moved and attached to existing organic compounds

• Carbon is reduced

– gained ATP from NADPH which was made in the light reactions

• Sugar is made

– This synthesis reaction requires energy

– ATP was also made in the light reactions

10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

• The light reactions occur in the thylakoid

• Light is electromagnetic energy that travels in rhythmic waves 

– Wavelength- distance from crest to crest

– Visible light 

• wavelengths we can see 

• part of the spectrum used in photosynthesis

• However, light also behaves as if it is a discrete particle

– Photons have a fixed amount of energy which is inversely related to the wavelength

Pigments

• Chlorophyll a- blue green

– Participates directly in light reactions

• Chlorophyll b- olive green

– Accessory pigment with slightly different structure (one functional group) 

– Gives a broader range of light absorption

• Carotenoids- yellow and orange

– Group of accessory pigments

– Also broaden the range but also provide photoprotection
Absorbed Light
-Absorbed photon's energy is given to another electron which moves to another (higher energy)orbital
-Excited state is unstable therefore when it falls back down heat is emitted, often times when its heat is in fluorescent.
Photosystem
 -Photo excites cholrophyll molecules which creates a domino action(transfer of energy) then goes to P680(PSII)  then e- then PEA.
ETC=Composed of Pq - Cytochrome complex - Pc
P700(PSI)

Chemiosmosis uses redox reactions in membranes to produce ATP.

Anh dung nghi ve em nua.

Ngay xua em that long yeu anh va anh cung hua la anh se mai mai yeu moi minh em,
se khong bao gio co nguoi khac trong chai tim cua anh.
Nhung bao gio anh da thay doi.
Anh quen hua hen cua minh,
la hai chung ta se quay ve de noi duyen phan.

Ngay xua em so yeu anh.
So la anh se lam em dau kho,
nhung anh hua la anh se khong lam em bi ton thuong.
Em ngai ngoc, em tin anh.

Bay gio hai chung minh la nguoi xa la.
Khong dam nhin vao anh mat cua nhau.
Nhung em van chua quen duoc anh.
Anh la moi tinh dau cua em,
mot tinh dau that la cay dang va ngot ngao.
Anh noi la anh da quen tat ca moi tu ve em,
nhung sao anh van han em? Van ghet bo em.

Bo em lam anh ton tuong den noi day?
Em la nguoi bi ton tuong.
Em da nguoi ma da phai hoc song mot quoc song moi.
Anh la nguoi da bo em, anh la nguoi da dam vao trai tim cua em.

Anh the han em.
Anh the ghet em.
Nhung em se khong ghet bo anh tay vi anh la nguoi da cho em mot tinh yeu so dam.
Em cam on anh,
tay vi anh da cho em biet anh la nguoi nhu the nao.
Anh la mot dua tre con,
co mot nguoi dan ba yeu anh, yeu anh that long ma anh khong biet quy bao nguoi ay.

Em khong han anh,
em khong ghet bo anh.
Em khong muon co bat cu dieu gi den anh.
Anh la anh, em la em.
Hai chung ta khong co gi de den voi nhau.
Anh dung doc nhat ky cua em.
Nhat ky cua em la cua em.
Neu em nho anh thi em dang nho den nguoi ngay xua,
khong phai la nguoi bay gio.
Em khong can anh de nho em.

Tam biet nguoi tu qua khu.

- - -

Chỉ còn vài phút cuối, hãy nói với nhau 
Chỉ một câu trước khi biệt ly 
Niềm hạnh phúc đã vỡ, chỉ còn mỗi em đợi chờ 
Trong bơ vơ bóng anh xa mờ.

Tìm nơi đâu để thấy lúc ta gần nhau 
Những kí ức vẫn cứ hiện về 
Giờ em đành buông tay, cớ sao lệ cay (cớ sao) 
Người ra đi đánh rơi tình yêu.

[ĐK:]
Thời gian qua ta đã có được những gì? 
Nụ cười vui hay nước mắt đầy vơi 
Dường như ta đã chẳng thể quay trở lại 
Kỷ niệm xưa giấu trong màn mưa.
Welcome to Yeucahat.com

Chỉ mong anh hạnh phúc sẽ luôn vui cười 
Được yên vui với người mình yêu 
Đừng bận tâm em sẽ sống như thế nào? 
Hãy xem như giấc mơ mà thôi.

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

9.1 Catabolic pathways yields energy by oxidizing organic fuels

Fermentation: Catabolic process that makes ATP from glucose( or other fuels) that doesn't use ETC.

Cellular Respiration: Catabolic pathway that breaks down organic molecules and uses ETC for the production of ATP.

Aerobic

• Air life
• Uses O2 as final e- acceptor
• Most efficient
• Most EUK
• Some PRO

Anaerobic

• W/O air life
• Uses inorganic molecules other than O2 as final e- acceptor
• Less efficient
• Some PRO

Organic compounds + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy

How catabolic reactions release energy

Redox: oxidation reduction reaction - relocating e-.

Oxidation = DONOR

• Loses e-
• Charge inc. (more +)

Reduction = ACCEPTOR

• Gains e-
• Reduces the total net charge bc e- are (-)

Enzymes

-Lowers the activation energy

-Allows oxidation of sugar so energy can be harvested 

NAD+ : Electron carrier, works well bc easily oxidized/reduce

NAD+ 

• Accepts e-
• Oxidizing agent
• Only a small energy "fall" from sugar for e-

NADH

• Donates e-
• Reducing agent

ETC

-Carrier to carrier

-Gets more electronegative as it goes towards O2, energy gets released at each step

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis "sugar splitting"

-In cytosol, 1 sugar → 2 pyruvate

• Pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle

-In EUK: pyruvate enters mitochondria. oxidized into acetyl CoA then citric acid

-In PRO: this happens in cytosol

• Oxidation phosphorylation: e- transport and chemiosmosis
• Substrate level phosphorylation 

-ATP synthesis from adding inorganic P to ADP

-Contains e- transport & chemiosmosis

-Makes most of ATP (90%) from cell respir.

-Powered by ETC

9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

• Glycolysis- sugar splitting

• One glucose becomes two pyruvates

• 2 ATP and 2 NADH are made (net)

• No C released as carbon dioxide

– glucose (6 C) → 2 pyruvate (3 C)

• No O2 needed

• Occurs in cytoplasm

• Two phases

– Investment: energy need to split the glucose

– Payoff: more energy is released than consumed

• Nets 2 ATP

9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid 

• If cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

• If oxygen is available, more energy can be extracted

– In eukaryotes: actively transport the pyruvate to the mitochondria

– In prokaryotes: stay in cytosol

• Pyruvate converted to Acetyl coenzyme A by a multi-enzyme complex 

– This is oxidation

Pyruvate oxidation

• Carboxyl group (already oxidized, has little energy) is released as CO2

• The 2 C product is oxidized so now it is acetate

• Electrons moved to NAD+

• Coenzyme A attached to the acetate forming Acetyl CoA 

– Acetyl CoA has high potential energy 

Citric Acid Cycle

• Acetyl CoA delivers the acetyl into the Krebs cycle 

• Remember that one glucose makes two pyruvates and thus two acetyl groups 

• Each “turn” of the cycle makes 

– one ATP by substrate phosphorylation

– 2 CO2

– 3 NADH 

– a FADH2

9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis

• So far each glucose yields 4 ATP by substrate phosphorylation, most of the energy remains in the electron carriers

• Which are sent to the electron transport chain which is a collection of molecules embedded in a membrane (plasma for prokaryotes and inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes) 

ETC

• Ubiquinone aka Coenzyme Q 

– Hydrophobic, lipid soluble so it “floats” in the membrane

• Cytochromes

– Protein electron carriers

ATP Synthase

• Enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

• Uses energy in the form of a H+ concentration gradient 

– Difference in pH

• Like an ion pump running in reverse

• Chemiosmosis: energy in the form of a H+concentration gradient across a membrane is used to power cellular work

• The ETC maintains the H+ gradient by using the energy released by the electron “drop” to 

pump the protons across the membrane

• This gradient is called a proton-motive force because it sends the H+ back through the ATP synthase “mill”

• Cellular respiration is one example of chemiosmosis

*Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate but oxygen isn’t involved and it can occur in the absence of oxygen

9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enables cells to produce ATP W/O use of O2

Anaerobic respiration

• No O2 needed
• Uses ETC
• Less electronegative e- acceptor is used
• Some PRO
• Some marine bacteria

-Sulfate ion as final e- acceptor

-Hydrogen sulfide produced instead of H2O

-Rotten egg smell

Fermentation

• No O2 needed
• No ETC
• NAD+ as e- acceptor
• Is glycolysis + some way to recycle NAD+  ie. alcohol & lactic acid

Fermentation Examples

• Alcohol 

– Bacteria

– Yeast 

– Humans used yeast to make wine, beer, & bread.

• Lactic acid 

– Bacteria

– Fungi

– Dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt

– Human muscle cells in low O2 conditions

• Obligate anaerobes- can not use oxygen

• Facultative anaerobes- can go either way depending on conditions

– Yeast

– Our muscle cells

9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways

• A variety of molecules can be utilized for cellular respiration

• Intermediates may be shuttled to anabolic pathways (biosynthesis)

• Cellular respiration is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points 

Long week.

Trig test is coming up, bio as well. It's gonna be a long weekend. Gonna try my best to study up.

This is my redemption.

I guess I compare experiences and people too much. Different people, different outcomes. It took a lot for me to reach out and the way you responded, it was only natural but I won't let my toes get stepped on without an apology much less a boot. I feel guilty in a sense that I'm not able to change others for the better but hey, it's their decision. I just want to live life at ease so that's why I reached out. Your words hurt a lot at first and made me think a bit but as the hours ticked by I shrugged them off. You've clearly not mature or improved, your loss.

Surprise surprise, I talked to my mom and she agreed that I was being the bigger person but if you don't accept it then so be it. I was the strong one, the bigger person, for reaching out and forgiving but the way you responded showed that you were still immature. She said it in a less nicer way but to save you face I'm censoring it haha.

And you. I feel guilty for hurting you. You were a great friend. I'm genuinely, deeply sorry for hurting you. I know you had high hopes for me but I still would not change my decision if I were to do it all over again. We had a lot of laughs and memories, a great friendship but I don't think we would last as lovers plus I still nagged and talked about "him" a lot back then. Irritating wasn't it. Anyways, you say you accept my apology and you'd like to be friends again but the way you act - it's the total opposite. It seems like you can't stand trying to hold a conversation, much less have any contact with me. If you're not ready to be friends then it's OK. Just let me know when you are?

All the while, explaining this to my mom my voice started cracking and I teared up - that is so freakin' embarrassing especially since my dad, uncle, and Ami all jumped in haha. Dad basically boosted my ego by reciting one of my motto - "I can get anyone, I'm beautiful" and basically that I shouldn't worry about boys and love affairs even though I wasn't talking about relationship issues? Ami said that I have too much time on my hands, thinking all this nonsense, and uncle said that I'm still in love with him - great. Mom got my stance though, that I feel guilty in a way and just want to reach out and settle things and be on normal terms with everyone but she cox me not to let others take advantage of it. Leave the door slightly open so that if desired, they will walk through it. I don't need to jump through hoops of fire to appease them.

Personal growth.

I tried to make amends. I didn't want to start going out for coffee or anything. I just wanted to clear the air between us but obviously there's still resentment, hatred - that's fine. Life is short and I don't want to die bitter. I don't want to die hating people, I don't want missed life experiences because of petty alliances and arguments. Your words hurt a lot but I understand where they came from and that you're not ready to let go of the past -that's fine by me. I will not respond with derogatory. I want to be happy, meet new people, and experience happiness. I won't make you my motivation for revenge. I will try to not cry, I will try not be take your words personal, I will be the bigger person.